托福听力TPO5lecture4题目练习，TPO的内容练习对于大家来说，也是备考练习的重点。那么具体的TPO的练习文本都有哪些?具体的应该如何做好复习备考?为了让大家更充分的备考练习，下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!

Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinaliteratureclass.Professor:Nowwecan'treallytalkaboutfairytaleswithoutfirsttalkingaboutfolktalesbecausethere'sastrongconnectionbetweenthesetwogenres,thesetwotypesofstories.Infact,manyfairytalesstartedoutasfolktales.So,what'safolktale?Howwouldyoucharacterizethem?Jeff?Jeff:Well,theyareoldstories,traditionalstories.Theywerepasseddownorallywithinculturesfromgenerationtogeneration,sotheychangedalotovertime.Imean,everystoryteller,or,maybeeverytown,mighthavehadaslightlydifferentversionofthesamefolktale.

Professor:That'sright.There'slocaldifference.Andthat'swhywesayfolktalesarecommunal.Bycommunal,wemeantheyreflectthetraitsandtheconcernsofaparticularcommunityataparticulartime.Soessentiallythesametalecouldbetoldindifferentcommunities,withcertainaspectsofthetaleadaptedtofitthespecificcommunity.Um,nottheplot,thedetailsofwhathappensinthestorywouldremainconstant.Thatwasthethreadthatheldthetaletogether.Butalltheotherelements,likethelocationorcharacters,mightbemodifiedforeachaudience.Okay.Sowhataboutfairytales?Theyalsoarefoundinmostcultures,buthowaretheydifferentfromfolktales?Iguessthefirstquestionis:whatisafairytale?Anddon’tanyonesayastorywithafairyinit"becauseweallknowthatveryfewfairytalesactuallyhavethosetinymagicalcreaturesinthem.But,whatelsecanwesayaboutthem?Mary.

Mary:Well,theyseemtobelessrealisticthanfolktales…liketheyhavesomethingimprobablehappening-afrogturningintoaprince,say.Oh,that'sanothercommonelement,royalty-aprinceorprincess.Andfairytalesallseemtotakeplaceinalocationthat'snowhereandeverywhereatthesametime.Professor:What'stheline-up?Howdoallthosestoriesstart?Onceuponatime,inafarawayland...oh,inthecaseoffolktales,eachstorytellerwouldspecifyaparticularlocationandtime,thoughthetimeandlocationwoulddifferfordifferentstorytellers.Withfairytales,however,thelocationisgenerallyunspecified,nomatterwhothestorytelleris.Thatlandfaraway...We'llcomebacktothispointinafewminutes.

Student:Um...I,Ithoughtthatafairytalewasjustawrittenversionofanoralfolktale.Professor:Well,notexactly,thoughthatishowmanyfairytalesdeveloped.Forexample,inthelate18thcentury,theGrimmBrotherstraveledthroughoutwhat'snowGermany,recordinglocalfolktales.Thesewereeventuallypublishedasfairytales,butnotbeforeundergoingaprocessofevolution.Now,anumberofthingshappenwhenanoraltalegetswrittendown.

First,thelanguagechanges.Itbecomesmoreformal,morestandard-somemightsay,"Lesscolorful".It'slikethedifferenceinyourlanguagedependingonwhetheryouaretalkingtosomeone,orwritingthemaletter.Second,whenanorallytransmittedstoryiswrittendown,anauthoritativeversionwitharecognizedauthoriscreated.Thecommunalaspectgetslost.Thetalenolongerbelongstothecommunity.Itbelongstotheworld,sotospeak.Becauseofthis,elementslikeplaceandtimecannolongerbetailoredtosuitaparticularaudience.Sotheybecomelessidentifiable,moregeneralizabletoanyaudience.

Ontheotherhand,descriptionsofcharactersandsettingscanbedevelopedmorecompletely.Infolktales,charactersmightbeidentifiedbyaname,butyouwouldn'tknowanythingmoreaboutthem.Butinfairytales,peoplenolongerhavetorememberplots.They'rewrittendown,right?Somoreenergycanbeputintootherelementsofthestorylikecharacterandsetting.

Soyougetmoredetailsaboutthecharacters,aboutwheretheactiontakesplace,whatpeople'shouseswerelike,ur,whetherthey'resmallcabinsorgrandpalaces.Andit'sworthinvestingthatenergybecausethestory,nowinbookform,isn'tindangerofbeinglost.Thosedetailswon'tbeforgotten.Ifafolktaleisn'trepeatedbyeachgeneration,itmaybelostforalltime.Butwithafairytale,it'salwaysthereinabook,waitingtobediscovered,againandagain.Anotherinterestingdifferenceinvolvesthechangeinaudience.Whothestoriesaremeantfor?Contrarytowhatmanypeoplebelievetoday,folktaleswereoriginallyintendedforadults,notforchildren.So,whyisitthatfairytalesseemtargetedtowardchildrennowadays?